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Article

The Current State of Nanoparticle-Induced Macrophage Polarization and Reprogramming Research.

International journal of molecular sciences - 6 Feb 2017

Miao Xiaoyuan, Leng Xiangfeng, Zhang Qiu

Abstract excerpt

Macrophages are vital regulators of the host defense in organisms. In response to different local microenvironments, resting macrophages (M0) can be polarized into different phenotypes, pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2), and perform different roles in different physiological or pathological conditions. Polarized macrophages can also be further reprogrammed by reversing their phenotype according to...

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PMID: 28178185
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020336
PMCID: PMC5343871

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Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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