Understanding the Gender Disparity in Bladder Cancer Risk: The Impact of Sex Hormones and Liver on Bladder Susceptibility to Carcinogens

Abstract excerpt

It has long been known that bladder cancer (BC) incidence is approximately four-fold higher in men than in women in the United States, and a similar disparity also exists in other countries. The reason for this phenomenon is not known, which impedes progress in BC prevention. However, BC incidence is also significantly higher in male animals than in their female counterparts after treatment with aromatic amines,...

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