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Article

Smoking is associated with, but does not cause, depressed mood in pregnancy--a mendelian randomization study.

PloS one - 1 Jan 2011

Lewis Sarah J, Araya Ricardo, Smith George Davey, Freathy Rachel, Gunnell David, Palmer Tom, Munafò Marcus

Abstract excerpt

Smokers have a higher prevalence of major depressive episodes and depressive symptoms than the general population, but whether this association is causal, or is due to confounding or reverse causation is uncertain because of the problems inherent in some epidemiological studies. Mendelian randomi...

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Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

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Source

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Identifiers

PMID: 21818261
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021689
PMCID: PMC3139580

Genes

CHRNA3
CHRNA5
CHRNB4

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 4 Sept 2026. Prepared record publication-21818261-2026-09-04.2. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-04.2.

Source receipt: PubMed via Helena Literature Corpus, retrieved 4 Sept 2026.

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