Article
Smoking, the xenobiotic pathway, and clubfoot.
Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology - 1 Jan 2011
Sommer Amy, Blanton Susan H, Weymouth Katelyn, Alvarez Christine, Richards B Stephen, Barnes Douglas, Hecht Jacqueline T
Abstract excerpt
BACKGROUND: Isolated clubfoot is a common orthopedic birth defect that affects approximately 135,000 newborns worldwide. It is characterized by ankle equinus, hindfoot varus, and forefoot adductus. Although numerous studies suggest a multifactorial etiology, the specific genetic and environmental components have yet to be delineated. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the only common environmental factor...
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