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Article

Genetic code mutations: the breaking of a three billion year invariance.

PloS one - 20 Aug 2010

Mat Wai-Kin, Xue Hong, Wong J Tze-Fei

Abstract excerpt

The genetic code has been unchanging for some three billion years in its canonical ensemble of encoded amino acids, as indicated by the universal adoption of this ensemble by all known organisms. Code mutations beginning with the encoding of 4-fluoro-Trp by Bacillus subtilis, initially replacing and eventually displacing Trp from the ensemble, first revealed the intrinsic mutability of the code. This has since...

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PMID: 20808824
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012206
PMCID: PMC2924881

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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