Genetic Analyses of HIV-1 <i>env</i> Sequences Demonstrate Limited Compartmentalization in Breast Milk and Suggest Viral Replication within the Breast That Increases with Mastitis

Abstract excerpt

The concentration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is generally lower in breast milk than in blood. Mastitis, or inflammation of the breast, is associated with increased levels of milk HIV-1 and risk of mother-to-child transmission through breastfeeding. We hypothesized that mastitis facilitates the passage of HIV-1 from blood into milk or stimulates virus production within the breast. HIV-1 env...

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