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Article

Women, autoimmunity, and cancer: a dangerous liaison between estrogen and activation-induced deaminase?

The Journal of experimental medicine - 16 Jan 2009

Maul Robert W, Gearhart Patricia J

Abstract excerpt

Why women are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases is not completely clear, but new data suggest that the hormone estrogen may play an important role. A new study now shows that estrogen activates the expression of activation-induced deaminase (AID), a protein that drives antibody diversification by deaminating cytosine in DNA to uracil. If estrogen increases the level of AID, increased mutations could...

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Identifiers

PMID: 19139165
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080086
PMCID: PMC2626682

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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Women, autoimmunity, and cancer: a dangerous liaison between estrogen and activation-induced deaminase?PMID 19139165Read ↗

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Estrogen Receptors in Immunity and AutoimmunitySemantic proximity Read ↗

Estrogen Receptors Bind to and Activate the HOXC4/HoxC4 Promoter to Potentiate HoxC4-mediated Activation-induced Cytosine Deaminase Induction, Immunoglobulin Class Switch DNA Recombination, and Somatic HypermutationSemantic proximity Read ↗

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