Evidence for at least three alternative mechanisms targeting the p16^INK4A/cyclin D/Rb pathway in penile carcinoma, one of which is mediated by high‐risk human papillomavirus

Abstract excerpt

A comprehensive analysis of 53 penile carcinomas was performed to determine which mechanisms might be involved in the disruption of the p16(INK4A)/cyclin D/Rb pathway. To that end, human papillomavirus (HPV) presence, p16(INK4A) expression and promoter methylation, and expression of the BMI-1 polycomb gene product were studied. Sixteen (30%) of the carcinomas were found to harbour high-risk HPV DNA, 15 of which...

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