Article

The emergence and molecular evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in United States dairy cattle

2026-04-01

Abstract excerpt

Prior to 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses circulated predominantly in wild birds and poultry. In 2024 and 2025, 2.3.4.4b genotypes B3.13 and D1.1 were detected in United States dairy cattle. Using whole-genome and segment-specific phylodynamic inference, we estimate that B3.13 and D1.1 spilled over from wild birds into dairy cattle in late 2023 and late 2024, respectively. Spillo...

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Literature Corpus work: dbab3712-0332-5368-97a1-e18eb56bda1f
DOI: 10.64898/2026.03.30.713641

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