Article
Botulinum Toxin Resistance: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Mechanisms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies
2025-06-05
Abstract excerpt
<h4>Background: </h4> Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has transformed the treatment of neurological, pain, and aesthetic conditions by inducing temporary muscle paralysis through inhibition of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. However, treatment failure or resistance poses a significant clinical challenge. Resistance manifests as primary non-response (innate insensitivity) or secondary non-response...
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Identifiers and source
- Literature Corpus work
- 52bcfe85-07d6-5e5c-9744-eb3a5ff4a164
- DOI
- 10.20944/preprints202506.0418.v1
