Article

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Genitourinary Cancers: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

2026-05-11

Abstract excerpt

<h4>Background: </h4> Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 axes have transformed the treatment landscape of genitourinary (GU) malignancies, yielding durable responses in subsets of patients with urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and selected cases of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, most patients exhibit primary resistance, and tho...

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Literature Corpus work: 44d47aea-6542-53d1-8200-8b0c0a33997e
DOI: 10.20944/preprints202605.0732.v1

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