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The Roles of Incretin Hormones GIP and GLP-1 in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review

2025-11-20

Abstract excerpt

The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and gluca-gon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) play central roles in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are established therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity because of their insulinotropic effects, weight reduction, and proven cardiovascular benefit. In contrast, GIP was historically overloo...

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Literature Corpus work
2f3728bb-6f8f-5222-8fd5-1e624bb39ba9
DOI
10.20944/preprints202511.1408.v2
Open publication

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