The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage Phenotypes.

doi:10.3390/ijms27167488

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Article

The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage Phenotypes.

International journal of molecular sciences - 21 Aug 2026

Surkova Daria, Vishnyakova Polina, Kiseleva Viktoriia, Elchaninov Andrey, Fatkhudinov Timur

Abstract excerpt

Macrophages are highly plastic innate immune cells that integrate diverse microenvironmental cues to adopt pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) functional states, which critically influence the pathogenesis of infectious, autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. This review provides an overview of current concepts of macrophage ontogeny, functional heterogeneity, and disease-associated...

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PMID: 42653485
DOI: 10.3390/ijms27167488
PMCID: PMC13513092

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 8 Sept 2026.

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