Article
Objective tongue phenotyping identifies phenotypic heterogeneity in diabetic kidney disease: a dual-center clustering analysis.
Frontiers in endocrinology - 1 Jan 2026
Dong Zhaoxi, Liu Jiayou, Hu Jiyuan, Su Jiaming, Xu Zheyu, Yu Xinhui, Mei Jie, Cai Fengyi, Li Fawei, Zang Xinyue, Wang Runze, Chen Yuanhao, Li Dongze, Chen Weihong, Liu Qingqing, Peng Chengdong, Shi Yang, Liu Hongfang
Abstract excerpt
Objective: To identify tongue-phenotype subtypes in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) using unsupervised clustering of quantified tongue features, and to compare tongue characteristics and laboratory profiles across subtypes. Methods: We enrolled 331 patients with DKD from two hospitals in Beijing. Forty-eight continuous tongue features and 3 ordinal/categorical tongue variables were extracted....
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