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Article

Heart Failure with Reduced and Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Network Interpretive Framework of Mechanisms, Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Response.

International journal of molecular sciences - 17 Jul 2026

Krasińska Beata, Raffa Giuseppe Maria, Pisano Calogera, Nuzzi Vincenzo, Manca Paolo, Filipiak Krzysztof J, Rahnama Mansur, Kowalewski Mariusz, Krasiński Zbigniew, Suwalski Piotr, Mertowski Sebastian, Mertowska Paulina, Grywalska Ewelina, Urbanowicz Tomasz

Abstract excerpt

Heart failure (HF) classification is still primarily based on left ventricular ejection fraction, even though this parameter only partially reflects the biological mechanisms determining disease progression and therapeutic response. The aim of this review was to present a conceptual interpretive framework that analyzes the HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) and HFmrEF (heart failure with mildly...

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PMID: 42511711
DOI: 10.3390/ijms27146370
PMCID: PMC13409967

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