Article
Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Multimorbidity Burden and Phenotype Differentially Influence Cardiovascular and Renal Risk in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.
Cardiorenal medicine - 1 Jan 2026
Marshall William R, Chinnadurai Rajkumar, Green Darren, Sinha Smeeta, Kalra Philip A
Abstract excerpt
INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently coexists with cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and obesity through shared biological pathways encompassed within the American Heart Association cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) construct. Whether adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in CKD are driven predominantly by cumulative multimorbidity burden or by distinct CKM disease phenotypes...
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