Article
Cigarette smoke-induced endothelial senescence-like phenotype promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis via the BMP4-Smad1/5/9-ID1 axis.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety - 1 Jul 2026
Yang Shasha, Dai Ziyu, Yang Baishuang, Wang Jingyi, Li Siqi, Liu Yongting, Chen Qiong
Abstract excerpt
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma and is associated with increased metastatic progression and poor clinical outcomes. Beyond its direct effects on tumor cells, cigarette smoke can remodel the vascular microenvironment by inducing endothelial dysfunction, increasing vascular permeability, and promoting inflammatory and senescence-associated responses. However, whether...
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