Immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina extract and its gold nanoformulation enhance the macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype via NF-kB signaling.

Abstract excerpt

Macrophages play a crucial role in innate immunity, regulating inflammatory responses, maintaining tissue homeostasis, and providing immune defense against microbial infections and tumor pathogenesis. Reprogramming macrophages toward the desired functional states, M1/M2 phenotype, is an emerging strategy in immunotherapy, particularly in the context of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Spirulina, a blue-green...

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• Cytokines
• Gold
• Immunologic Factors
• Macrophages
• Metal Nanoparticles