Important amino acid residues in the chloride pump halorhodopsin that accelerate ion transport despite no direct interaction with the substrate.

Abstract excerpt

Ion-pump rhodopsins are widely distributed photoactive membrane proteins found in microorganisms. Their cytoplasmic (CP) regions are predominantly hydrophobic, inherently restricting substrate ion permeation. However, these rhodopsins can rapidly transport substrate ions via photo-induced conformational changes. The well-characterized H+-pumping rhodopsins employ dissociable residues such as Asp, Glu, or Lys to...

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