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Cigarette Smoking Drives Thyroid Eye Disease Progression via RAGE Signaling Activation

12 Jun 2025

Abstract excerpt

Background:Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a sight-threatening autoimmune disease with cigarette smoking as one of the key risk factors. Cigarette smoking affects both the severity of TED and the patient’s response to medication. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of smoking in TED remain unclear. Methods:Orbital fibroblasts (OFs) were extracted from patients with TED and non-TED controls, and treated...

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PMID: 40501349
DOI: 10.1089/thy.2025.0062

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