Article
The Causal Relationship and Association between Biomarkers, Dietary Intake, and Diabetic Retinopathy: Insights from Mendelian Randomization and Cross-Sectional Study
31 Mar 2025
Abstract excerpt
BACKGRUOUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss, linked to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Despite advancements in DR treatments, approximately 40% of patients do not respond effectively, underscoring the need for novel, noninvasive biomarkers to predict DR risk and progression. This study investigates causal relationships between specific biomarkers, dietary factors, and...
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