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Article

Impact of retinoic acid exposure on midfacial shape variation and manifestation of holoprosencephaly in Twsg1 mutant mice.

Disease models & mechanisms - 1 Feb 2015

Billington Charles J, Schmidt Brian, Marcucio Ralph S, Hallgrimsson Benedikt, Gopalakrishnan Rajaram, Petryk Anna

Abstract excerpt

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a developmental anomaly characterized by inadequate or absent midline division of the embryonic forebrain and midline facial defects. It is believed that interactions between genes and the environment play a role in the widely variable penetrance and expressivity of HPE, although direct investigation of such effects has been limited. The goal of this study was to examine whether mice...

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Identifiers

PMID: 25468951
DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018275
PMCID: PMC4314779

Genes

BMP2

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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