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Article

Gene × environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution.

Biological psychiatry - 1 Jan 2014

Keller Matthew C

Abstract excerpt

Candidate gene × environment (G × E) interaction research tests the hypothesis that the effects of some environmental variable (e.g., childhood maltreatment) on some outcome measure (e.g., depression) depend on a particular genetic polymorphism. Because this research is inherently nonexperimental, investigators have been rightly concerned that detected interactions could be driven by confounders (e.g., ethnicity,...

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Identifiers

PMID: 24135711
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.006
PMCID: PMC3859520

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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