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Article

Contribution of the environment and comorbidities to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes.

The Medical clinics of North America - 1 Jul 2012

Martinez Carlos H, Han MeiLan K

Abstract excerpt

* COPD is a heterogeneous disease, modified by environmental and intrinsic host factors. The interaction between COPD and its comorbidities is complex and bidirectional. * It has been estimated that the proportion of patients with COPD caused by cigarette smoking is between 80% and 90%. Risk fact...

Topics

Anemia
Cardiovascular Diseases
Comorbidity
Diabetes Mellitus
Disease Progression
Environment
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Humans
Mental Disorders
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Phenotype
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive

Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

Risk Factors

Sleep Apnea, Obstructive

Source

Open in PubMed Open full text

Identifiers

PMID: 22793940
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.007
PMCID: PMC4629222

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 30 Aug 2026. Prepared record publication-22793940-2026-08-30.1. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-08-30.1.

Source receipt: PubMed via Helena Literature Corpus, retrieved 30 Aug 2026.

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