Viral double-stranded RNAs from vaccinia virus early or intermediate gene transcripts possess PKR activating function, resulting in NF-kappaB activation, when the K1 protein is absent or mutated.

Abstract excerpt

PKR is a potent antiviral molecule that can terminate infection by inhibiting protein synthesis and stimulating NF-κB activation and apoptosis. Originally, it was thought that only intermediate and late gene transcription produced double-stranded (ds) RNA to activate PKR during vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. The VACV E3 or K3 proteins squelch this effect by binding to either dsRNA or PKR. However, in the...

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