The anatomy of cardiac looping: A step towards the understanding of the morphogenesis of several forms of congenital cardiac malformations

Abstract excerpt

The early embryonic heart of vertebrates is a simple tubular pump. During the early phases of its development, the initially straight embryonic heart tube becomes transformed into a helically wound loop that is normally seen with a counterclockwise winding. This process is named cardiac looping. Such looping not only establishes the basic type of topological left-right asymmetry of the ventricular chambers but,...

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