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Article

Evidence for a two-stage model of dependence using the NESARC and its implications for genetic association studies.

Drug and alcohol dependence - 1 Jan 2008

Heiman Gary A, Ogburn Elizabeth, Gorroochurn Prakash, Keyes Katherine M, Hasin Deborah

Abstract excerpt

Some twin studies suggest that substance initiation and dependence are part of a complex, two-stage process and that some genetic influences are stage-specific, acting on either the transition from abstinence to initiation, or on the transition from use to dependence. However, questions remain about the two-stage model, especially for illicit drugs. Using a familial aggregation design, we tested the hypothesized...

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Identifiers

PMID: 17933473
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.007
PMCID: PMC2266584

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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