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Article

Estimating two-stage models for genetic influences on alcohol, tobacco or drug use initiation and dependence vulnerability in twin and family data.

Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies - 1 Apr 2002

Heath Andrew C, Martin Nicholas G, Lynskey Michael T, Todorov Alexandre A, Madden Pamela A F

Abstract excerpt

Genetic research on risk of alcohol, tobacco or drug dependence must make allowance for the partial overlap of risk-factors for initiation of use, and risk-factors for dependence or other outcomes in users. Except in the extreme cases where genetic and environmental risk-factors for initiation and dependence overlap completely or are uncorrelated, there is no consensus about how best to estimate the magnitude of...

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Identifiers

PMID: 11931689
DOI: 10.1375/1369052022983

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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