Subclinical features in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P): review of the evidence that subepithelial orbicularis oris muscle defects are part of an expanded phenotype for CL/P.

Abstract excerpt

OBJECTIVES: Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common, complex birth defect with a wide phenotypic spectrum. This review summarizes the evidence that subepithelial (occult) defects of the superior orbicularis oris (OO) muscle represent the mildest form of the lip portion of CL/P. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The rate of OO defects was assessed via ultrasound in non-CL/P relatives of...

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