Toward a biaxial model of "bipolar" affective disorders: spectrum phenotypes as the products of neuroelectrical and neurochemical alterations.

Abstract excerpt

Based upon a synthesis of findings related to affective illness, a pathophysiologic hypothesis and possible nosology are proposed. The authors reviewed recent (2001-2004) phenomenologic, diagnostic and treatment literature for pathophysiologic implications and selectively reviewed genetic, neuroimaging, neurochemical and neuropathological studies (1966-2004) that might inform the hypothesized model. Modern DSM...

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