Validating 'hard' and 'soft' phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity?

doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00390-7

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Article

Validating 'hard' and 'soft' phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity?

Journal of affective disorders - 1 Jan 2003

Akiskal Hagop S

Abstract excerpt

The unitary Kraepelian concept of manic-depressive illness which incorporated attenuated forms, personal dispositions to mood instability, as well as much of the terrain of remitting depressions, may be considered by many to be too broad. On the other hand, the presently preferred unipolar-bipolar dichotomy in official nosology fails to account for the very common occurrence of clinical and subclinical conditions...

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PMID: 12507732
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00390-7

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 6 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-06.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 6 Sept 2026.

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