Antiestrogens induce growth inhibition by sequential activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-beta pathways in human breast cancer cells.

Abstract excerpt

Antiestrogens are successfully used in the treatment of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of different signal transduction pathways in antiestrogen-induced growth inhibition to gain insights into mechanisms of antiestrogen resistance. We used specific MAPK inhibitors and MCF-7 carcinoma cells as a model to demonstrate that p38 MAPK is an important mediator of antiestrogen growth...

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