CD28, CTLA‐4 and their ligands: who does what and to whom?

Abstract excerpt

T-cell activation is a critical event in the organization of effective cellular and humoral immune responses. Activated T cells are essential for provision of T-cell help, promoting the development of high-affinity antibody production and the generation of cytotoxic T-cell responses. Accordingly, defects in proteins required for T-cell activation give rise to significant infectious pathology and malignancies....