The Actions and Interactions of Sex Steroids and Growth Factors/Cytokines on the Skeleton

Abstract excerpt

The discoveries that sex steroid receptors for estrogen [estrogen receptor (ER)], androgen [androgen receptor (AR)], and progesterone [progesterone receptor (PR)] are present in the bone-forming osteoblasts (OB) and bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCL), and that these cells are targets for sex steroid action, have generated much excitement in the field of bone biology. The subsequent discoveries that the sex steroids...

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