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Article

Sources of bias, effect of confounding in the application of biomarkers to epidemiological studies.

Toxicology letters - 1 May 1995

Boffetta P

Abstract excerpt

This article addresses some methodological aspects of the application of biomarkers of exposure, effect and susceptibility to cancer epidemiology. The application of biomarkers to cancer epidemiology should enhance the validity of exposure and outcome measurement, and strengthen the statistical association between exposure and diseases, thus reducing the possibility of random and systematic error. However, the...

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PMID: 7618144
DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03301-7

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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