Article
Operational phenotyping for chronic low back pain: a narrative review and methodology for developing routing and escalation pathways across spine care.
Annals of palliative medicine - 1 Jul 2026
Lewandrowski Kai-Uwe, Pumberger Matthias, Schomig Friederike, Harhangi Biswadjiet Sanjay, Vaccaro Alexander R, Lorio Morgan P
Abstract excerpt
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is clinically heterogeneous and generates substantial symptom burden, functional limitation, psychological distress, work disability, and health-care utilization. Existing phenotyping approaches often describe subgroups but do not specify how subgroup assignment changes routing, conservative-care dose, imaging, interventional escalation, surgical evaluation,...
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