From clinical phenotypes to cellular mechanisms: a precision medicine framework for COPD.

Abstract excerpt

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a persistent, often progressive lung disease with a highly heterogeneous patient population. Its management has traditionally relied on clinical symptoms and pulmonary function tests. However, this approach has limitations due to a poor alignment between the clinical symptoms and underlying individual pathological mechanisms, as well as a heavy reliance on chest...

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