Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes, biomarkers, and prognostic indicators.

Abstract excerpt

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current diagnostic criteria are based on lung function impairment, symptoms, and exacerbation frequency but do not capture the heterogeneity of the disease in terms of the complex pathologic changes that occur within lung, the different airway inflammatory patterns, or the airway microbial...

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