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Sex-specific effects of 17-β-estradiol and bisphenol A on neutrophil function and phenotype - does centrifugation matter?

Biology of sex differences - 24 Apr 2026

Fürst Kathrin, Gruber Michael, Bitzinger Diane, Kraus Richard F

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNs) have long been underestimated in the context of autoimmunity. To elucidate their role from a sex-specific perspective, an immunoendocrinological framework offers a compelling investigative approach. We hypothesize that the sex hormone 17-β-estradiol (E2) and the endocrine-disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) modulate PMN functions in a sex- and...

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PMID: 42032749
DOI: 10.1186/s13293-026-00906-9
PMCID: PMC13123024

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