Host- and pathogen-related determinants of pulmonary versus extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

doi:10.1183/16000617.0174-2025

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Host- and pathogen-related determinants of pulmonary versus extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society - 1 Jan 2026

Tulu Begna, Brehm Thomas Theo, van Crevel Reinout, Dallenga Tobias, DiNardo Andrew R, Dheda Keertan, Eggeling Johanna, Enbiale Wendemagegn, Gröschel Matthias I, Hao Jialun, Kumar Vinod, van Laarhoven Arjan, Londt Rolanda, Prosser Gareth, Randall Philippa, Reiling Norbert, Rybniker Jan, Schaible Ulrich E, Schurr Erwin, Suarez Isabelle, Theobald Sebastian J, Wilkinson Robert J, Lange Christoph

Abstract excerpt

Tuberculosis (TB) primarily manifests as pulmonary TB (PTB), but extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) remains a major clinical challenge. Distinct diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties arise from differences in immune responses, pathogen behaviour and host susceptibility. However, the factors driving disease localisation are still incompletely understood. We conducted a comprehensive narrative review of studies examining...

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Identifiers

PMID: 41605541
DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0174-2025
PMCID: PMC12873656

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