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Computational Immunogenetic Analysis of Botulinum Toxin A Immunogenicity and HLA Gene Haplotypes: New Insights

6 Apr 2025

Abstract excerpt

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is widely used in both therapeutic and aesthetic settings; however, the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) remains a critical concern, leading to treatment failure. Immunogenic responses are known to vary between individuals due to HLA polymorphisms. Although some claim that neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) shield BoNT-A from immune detection or are themselves immunogenic,...

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PMID: 40278680
DOI: 10.3390/toxins17040182

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