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Association of Smoking with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 to 5: A Mendelian Randomization Study

1 Jan 2024

Abstract excerpt

Background: Previous studies suggested that smoking behavior (e.g., smoking status) was associated with an elevated risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), yet whether this association is causal remains uncertain. Methods: We used data for half million participants aged 40 to 69 years from the UK Biobank cohort. In the traditional observational study, we used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate the...

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PMID: 39498379
DOI: 10.34133/hds.0199

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