Smoking as a causative factor in chronic kidney disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Abstract excerpt

Smoking is widely acknowledged for its harmful effects on multiple organs. However, its specific causal relationship with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains uncertain. This study applied bivariate causal analysis and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) methods to examine the association between various smoking behaviors – initiation, cessation, age at initiation, cigarettes smoked per day, and lifetime...

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