Article
Causal effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee intake on hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases: A Mendelian randomization study.
Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology - 1 Oct 2024
Zhao Bingbing, Xue Jiajing, Zhang Huaqin
Abstract excerpt
BACKGROUND: Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases, such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholelithiasis, and pancreatitis, are major global health challenges. Lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee intake are commonly studied for their health impacts. However, observational studies often face issues with confounding factors and reverse causality, making it difficult to establish...
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