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Article

Exploring the Bidirectional Causal Pathways Between Smoking Behaviors and Headache: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco - 21 Jun 2024

Lloyd Katherine, Harrison Sean, Sallis Hannah M, Davey Smith George, Munafò Marcus R, Wootton Robyn E

Abstract excerpt

INTRODUCTION: Although observational data suggest a relationship between headache and smoking, there remain questions about causality. Smoking may increase headache risk, individuals may smoke to alleviate headaches, or smoking and headache may share common risk factors. Mendelian randomization (MR) is a method that uses genetic variants as instruments for making causal inferences about an exposure and an...

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Identifiers

PMID: 37702655
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad173
PMCID: PMC11190053

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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