Evolutionary dynamics of the clade 2.3.4.4B H5N8 high‐pathogenicity avian influenza outbreaks in coastal seabirds and other species in southern Africa from 2017 to 2019

Abstract excerpt

From late 2017 to early 2018, clade 2.3.4.4B H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused mass die-offs of thousands of coastal seabirds along the southern coastline of South Africa. Terns (Laridae) especially were affected, but high mortalities in critically endangered and threatened species like African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) caused international concern and, exactly a year later, the...

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