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High pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b natural infection in captive Humboldt penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti )

3 Jun 2025

Abstract excerpt

Between 2020 and 2023, high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b caused devastating outbreaks across Europe and the United Kingdom among domestic poultry and wild bird populations. During winter 2022, unexpected mortality was observed in four of fourteen outdoor captive Humboldt penguins in a British zoological collection, without prior clinical signs. Swabs, one whole carcass and two...

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PMID: 40458883
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2025.2513338

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