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Sexual Dimorphism in Outcomes of Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Role of CD163+ Macrophages, B cells, and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint

3 Jun 2021

Abstract excerpt

Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is over three times as common in men as it is in women; however, female patients do not respond as well to immunotherapeutic treatments and experience worse clinical outcomes than their male counterparts. Based on the established sexual dimorphism in mucosal immune responses, we hypothesized that the tumor immune microenvironment of bladder cancer differs between the...

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PMID: 34337534
DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.05.002

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