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Article

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Thyroid Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Possible Pathogenesis, and Management.

Frontiers in endocrinology - 1 Jan 2021

Zhan Ling, Feng Hong-Fang, Liu Han-Qing, Guo Lian-Tao, Chen Chuang, Yao Xiao-Li, Sun Sheng-Rong

Abstract excerpt

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a group of drugs employed in the treatment of various types of malignant tumors and improve the therapeutic effect. ICIs blocks negative co-stimulatory molecules, such as programmed cell death gene-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), reactivating the recognition and killing effect of the immune system on tumors. However,...

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Identifiers

PMID: 34177799
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.649863
PMCID: PMC8224170

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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