Article
Cleft lip/palate and educational attainment: cause, consequence or correlation? A Mendelian randomization study.
International journal of epidemiology - 1 Aug 2020
Dardani Christina, Howe Laurence J, Mukhopadhyay Nandita, Stergiakouli Evie, Wren Yvonne, Humphries Kerry, Davies Amy, Ho Karen, Weinberg Seth M, Marazita Mary L, Mangold Elisabeth, Ludwig Kerstin U, Relton Caroline L, Davey Smith George, Lewis Sarah J, Sandy Jonathan, Davies Neil M, Sharp Gemma C
Abstract excerpt
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that children born with a non-syndromic orofacial cleft have lower-than-average educational attainment. Differences could be due to a genetic predisposition to low intelligence and academic performance, factors arising due to the cleft phenotype (such as social stigmatization, impaired speech/language development) or confounding by the prenatal environment. A clearer...
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